glp 1 agonist (IER) involves short periods of severe energy restriction interspersed with periods of adequate energy intake, and can induce weight loss. Insulin sensitivity is impaired by short-term, complete energy restriction, but the effects of IER are not well known. In randomised order, %) consumed 24-h diets providing 100 % (10 441 (sd 812) kJ; energy balance (EB)) or 25 % (2622 (sd 204) kJ; energy restriction (ER)) of estimated energy requirements, followed by an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT; 75 g of glucose drink) after fasting overnight. Plasma/serum glucose, insulin, NEFA, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) were assessed before and after (0 h) each 24-h dietary intervention, and throughout the 2-h OGTT. glipizide 5 mg of insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR) assessed the fasted response and incremental AUC (iAUC) or total AUC (tAUC) were calculated during the OGTT. At 0 h, HOMA2-IR was 23 % lower after ER compared with EB (P<0·05). During the OGTT, serum glucose iAUC (P<0·001), serum insulin iAUC (P<0·05) and plasma NEFA tAUC (P<0·01) were greater during ER, but GLP-1 (P=0·161), GIP (P=0·473) and FGF21 (P=0·497) tAUC were similar between trials. These results demonstrate that severe energy restriction acutely impairs postprandial glycaemic control in lean men, despite reducing HOMA2-IR. Chronic intervention studies are required to elucidate the long-term effects of IER on indices of insulin sensitivity, particularly in the absence of weight loss.Development of the endocrine pancreas.Balancing glucose levels after bariatric surgery - an important role for GLP1.Reversing metabolic diseases through diabetes surgery: do the proximal gut and related hormones play key roles in glucose homeostasis?Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University A randomized cross-over study of the effects of macronutrient composition and meal frequency on GLP-1, ghrelin and energy expenditure in humans.Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden. Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden. Electronic address: OBJECTIVE: Little is known about human postprandial increase of energy expenditure and satiety-associated hormones in relation to both meal frequency DESIGN: Randomized cross-over study with four conditions for each participant.METHODS: Seven men and seven women (mean age 23±1years) were randomly assigned to the order of intake of a 750kcal drink with the same protein content while having either 20 energy-percent (E%) or 55 E% from carbohydrates and the remaining energy from fat. Participants were also randomized to consume the drinks as one large beverage or as five 150kcal portions every 30min, starting in the fasting state in the morning. Energy expenditure (EE) was determined every 30min by indirect calorimetry. Hormonal responses and suppression of hunger (by visual-analogue scales) were also studied. A p<013 was considered statistically significant following Bonferroni-correction.RESULTS: The area under the curve (AUC) for EE was higher during the 2h after the high-carbohydrate drinks (p=005 by Wilcoxon) and also after ingesting one drink compared with five (p=004). AUC for serum active GLP-1 was higher after single drinks compared with five beverages (p=002). Although GLP-1 levels remained particularly high at the end of the test during the low-carbohydrate meals, the AUC did not differ compared with the high-carbohydrate occasions (low-carbohydrate: 58±18pg/ml/h, high-carbohydrate: 45±16pg/ml/h, p=028). Hunger sensations were suppressed more after single beverages compared with five CONCLUSIONS: We found higher EE during 2h following one large drink compared with five smaller beverages. Since hunger was also suppressed more efficiently, and serum GLP-1 levels were higher after one compared with five smaller drinks, our findings do not support nibbling to avoid hunger or to keep up EE from Low-molecular fraction of wheat protein hydrolysate stimulates glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion in an enteroendocrine L cell line and improves glucose The incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is secreted by enteroendocrine L cells. Stimulating endogenous GLP-1 secretion by dietary factors is a promising strategy to increase GLP-1 action. Several studies have examined the specific physiological function of wheat protein hydrolysate. Some reports suggested that intake of wheat protein ameliorates hyperglycemia. We hypothesized that wheat protein hydrolysate reduces blood glucose concentration via stimulation of GLP-1 secretion. In this study, we investigated whether wheat protein hydrolysate stimulates GLP-1 secretion and its molecular mechanism in an enteroendocrine L cell line (GLUTag cells), and we examined the effect on glucose tolerance via stimulation of GLP-1 secretion followed by induction of insulin secretion in rats. The low-molecular fraction of wheat protein hydrolysate (LWP) significantly increased GLP-1 secretion, whereas the high-molecular fraction did not.
glp 1 agonist|glipizide 5 mg
